Ques 1. Which of the following statements are correct in respect of NCLAT?
- NCLAT hears appeals against orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) under the Companies Act, 2013.
- NCLAT can hear appeals against orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI).
- NCLAT is headquartered in New Delhi.
Select the answer using the code given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Ques 2. Consider the following statements:
Statement 1: Investing in equity shares carries higher risk than investing in government bonds.
Statement 2: Equity shares provide potential for capital appreciation and dividends, while government bonds offer fixed returns.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
a) Both statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1
b) Both statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and statement 2 does not explains statement 1
c) Statement 1 is correct, but Statement 2 is incorrect
d) Statement 2 is correct, but Statement 1 is incorrect
Ques 3. Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Article 6 enables countries to cooperate in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) through market and non-market mechanisms.
Statement II: Article 6.2 allows bilateral or multilateral trading of emission reductions between countries, creating carbon markets.
Statement III: Article 6.4 establishes a mechanism to generate emission reduction credits for sustainable development, which can be used by countries to meet their NDC targets.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
Ques 4. Consider the following with reference to the Constitution (Amendment) Bill:
- A Constitution Amendment Bill can be introduced in either House of Parliament.
- Some amendments require ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
- Once passed by both Houses and ratified by the states (if applicable), the President must give assent to the amendment.
How many of the above is/are not correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Ques 5. What class does INS Udaygiri belong to?
a) Shivalik-class
b) Nilgiri-class
c) Kolkata-class
d) Delhi-class
Answers
Answer 1 : c
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
- NCLAT is the appellate tribunal for NCLT. Any party aggrieved by an order of NCLT under the Companies Act, 2013can appeal to NCLAT.
Statement 2 is incorrect:
- NCLAT does not hear appeals against IBBI directly. Appeals under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) from NCLT orders go to NCLAT. But IBBI is a regulatory body, and its orders are generally appealable to Tribunal or courts as per IBC, not directly to NCLAT.
Statement 3 is correct:
- NCLAT’s main office is in New Delhi, though benches may be set up in other cities.
Source: The Hindu (Page 11)
Answer 2 : a
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
- Equity shares are ownership in a company. Their price fluctuates based on company performance, market conditions, economic factors, and investor sentiment.
- Government bonds are debt instruments with fixed returns, considered safer because the government guarantees repayment.
Statement 2 is correct:
- Equities can generate:
- Capital appreciation (price goes up)
- Dividends (profit-sharing from company)
- Government bonds provide fixed interest, with little chance of high returns, but very low risk.
- Statement 1 talks about risk differences and statement 2 explains why risk exists: equities fluctuate and offer variable returns (higher risk), while bonds have fixed returns (lower risk).
Source: The Hindu (Page 13)
Answer 3 : a
Explanation:
Statement 2 is correct:
- Article 6.2 focuses on cooperative approaches, allowing countries to trade emission reductions internationally.
- This is exactly how carbon markets under the Paris Agreement function.
Statement 3 is correct:
- Article 6.4 creates a centralized mechanism similar to the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
- It allows countries or projects to generate emission reduction credits that can be counted toward NDCs, while promoting sustainable development.
- Statement I is about international cooperation to achieve NDCs through market and non-market approaches.
- Statement II explains the market-based cooperative mechanism (carbon trading).
- Statement III explains the centralized mechanism generating credits, supporting NDCs and sustainable development. together, both fully explain Statement I.
Source: The Hindu (Page 12)
Answer 4 : a (3 only)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
- Article 368 of the Constitution allows a Constitution Amendment Bill to be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.
- There is no restriction on which House can introduce it first.
Statement 2 is correct:
- Certain amendments, such as changes in federal structure, powers of the states, representation in Parliament, etc., require ratification by at least 50% of the state legislatures after being passed by both Houses of Parliament.
Statement 3 is incorrect:
- While the President’s assent is required, it is not considered discretionary.
- The key exam point is that the process of amendment is complete once Parliament passes it and states ratify it (if needed); the President’s assent is largely formal.
- In some competitive exams, Statement 3 is counted not independently correct, since the “must give assent” phrasing can be confusing.
Source: The Hindu (Page 11)
Answer 6 : b
Explanation:
Option b is correct:
- INS Udaygiri is part of the Project 17A (P17A) Nilgiri-class stealth frigates being built for the Indian Navy.
- This class is an advanced version of the Shivalik-class frigates, featuring enhanced stealth, weapons, and sensor capabilities.
Source: The Hindu (Page 10)