(Source – The Hindu, International Edition – Page No. – 6)
Topic : GS2 – Indian Polity
Context
The article reflects on India’s constitutional journey – examining challenges in federalism, social democracy, and the need to safeguard foundational democratic values.

Introduction and the Importance of the Constitution
- India adopted its Constitution after nearly three years of debate in the Constituent Assembly.
- The Republic officially came into force on January 26, 1950.
- In his closing address on November 25, 1949, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar highlighted the challenges ahead, especially questioning whether Indians would prioritize the nation over personal or community interests.
- These reflections remain relevant as we evaluate India’s journey and plan for the future.
Federalism and Constitutional Debates
- Recent issues highlight debates over India’s federal structure, with disputes between State governments and Governors reaching the Supreme Court.
- Discussions around simultaneous elections and the neglect of regional languages have raised concerns about federal principles.
- Fiscal federalism remains contentious, with States grappling with the dual system of the Finance Commission and the GST Act.
- The upcoming delimitation exercise could further challenge the Union-State balance, particularly for States that have controlled their population growth.
- Although the word ‘federal’ does not appear in the Constitution, Dr. Ambedkar clarified that the Centre and States are co-equal except during emergencies.
- Judicial decisions, starting from the S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) case, have affirmed federalism as part of the Constitution’s basic structure.
The Challenge of an Unequal Democracy
- The ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity remain crucial for India’s development as a social democracy.
- Critics argue that stringent laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act have led to the perception of a police state.
- Economic and social inequality persists as a significant challenge, threatening democratic ideals.
- Dr. Ambedkar had warned that inequality could destabilize democracy and emphasized the importance of fraternity in overcoming caste divisions.
- Despite progress through social and political movements, caste continues to influence merit and success, indicating the need for further efforts.
Safeguarding the Constitution
- Some groups propose replacing the Constitution with an Indic framework based on Hindu dharmic principles.
- Such suggestions undermine the contributions of the Constituent Assembly and the nation-building efforts of the last 75 years.
- Instead of revising the Constitution, the focus should be on defending democratic principles and adhering to constitutional values.
The Role of Constitutional Guardians
- Dr. Ambedkar’s vision highlights the need for individuals who prioritize the nation over personal interests.
- Judges, bureaucrats, politicians, activists, journalists, and citizens must act as guardians of democratic principles.
- By fulfilling their responsibilities, they can help India achieve the promises of the Constitution and ensure its enduring relevance.
Conclusion
- India’s journey over 75 years highlights progress and ongoing challenges in upholding constitutional values.
- Safeguarding democracy requires collective responsibility from all citizens and institutions.